Which of the following signs may indicate that a trauma patient is experiencing peritonitis?

The presence of abdominal distension and rebound tenderness is indeed indicative of peritonitis in a trauma patient. Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, becomes inflamed, often due to infection or irritation from blood, bile, or intestinal contents.

Abdominal distension refers to the swelling of the abdomen due to gas, fluid, or other factors that can accumulate in the abdominal cavity. Rebound tenderness is assessed during a physical examination when pressing down on the abdomen and then quickly releasing the pressure causes pain. This reaction suggests irritation of the peritoneum. Both symptoms underscore the inflammatory process and significant distress in the abdominal region, which is characteristic of peritonitis.

The other options describe symptoms that can be associated with various medical conditions but are not specific indicators of peritonitis. For example, chest tightness and shortness of breath might suggest respiratory or cardiac issues, while severe back pain with nausea might indicate conditions related to the spine or kidney problems. Headaches and confusion can point towards neurological disturbances or other systemic issues but do not correlate directly with peritoneal irritation. Thus, abdominal distension and rebound tenderness effectively highlight the likelihood of peritonitis in trauma patients.